Non-Laser Light Sources
Broadband and incoherent illumination — lamps, solar simulators, LEDs, and monochromators for wavelength selection.
Lamps
Broadband and line-emission lamps — xenon arc, mercury, deuterium, QTH, hollow cathode. Spectral characteristics, housings, safety.
Solar Simulators
Solar simulation — AM1.5 standards, IEC classification, spectral match, uniformity, xenon vs. LED based.
LEDs & Diode Sources
Non-laser diode sources — single-color LEDs, white LEDs, superluminescent diodes (SLDs). Illumination, spectroscopy, biomedical.
Monochromators & Spectrographs
Wavelength selection and spectral analysis instruments — Czerny-Turner, Littrow, spectrographs. Bridges sources and detection.